Mechanical strength serves as a critical prerequisite for solid catalysts to exhibit optimal performance,while forming processes provide solid-phase catalysts with appropriate morphology,dimensions,and superior mechanical robustness.Among various forming techniques,extrusion molding has been extensively employed in the processing of catalytic materials and ceramic products due to its advantages of high production efficiency,process continuity,cost-effectiveness,and broad applicability.During catalyst extrusion molding,mechanical strength is influenced by multiple factors related to forming conditions and thermal treatment processes.This paper systematically reviews the fundamental mechanisms of catalyst extrusion molding,operational parameters during extrusion,and heat treatment procedures.Key influencing factors and corresponding control strategies are discussed,including powder particle size,mixing duration and methodology,water-to-powder ratio,peptizing agents,extrusion aids,binding agents,as well as drying and calcination processes.These investigations hold significant implications for fabricating stable and controllable high-strength catalysts while extending the operational lifespan of industrial catalysts.

As a functional material,white carbon black has a broad application prospect in the traditional rubber,paint,toothpaste,pesticides and other fields,electronic materials,new energy,environmental protection materials and other emerging applications.The production of white carbon black in China has abundant raw material advantages,a large number of crops and industrial wastes as white carbon black is one of the main economic sources of white carbon black silicon source,which makes the production of white carbon black has low raw material price and high added value economic benefits.At present,the downstream consumption structure of the carbon black industry accounts for a relatively large tire,and the application economic value of highly dispersed carbon black is high,and the silicone industry has a strong market potential as one of the downstream industries.In this paper,six kinds of preparation methods of white carbon black (vapor phase white carbon black,precipitation white carbon black,microemulsion white carbon black,sol-gel white carbon black,rice husk and grain extraction white carbon black,non-metallic mineral extraction white carbon black) were reviewed.The preparation technology and research status of white carbon black were analyzed.The green preparation of white carbon black was summarized in detail,with the aim of providing theoretical guidance for solving the existing industrial pollutants.

In the context of the implementation of the global “plastic restriction order” and the driving force of environmental and green protection,butane-1,4-diol (BDO),as a crucial and natural degradable raw material,is anticipated to receive significant attention from industrial and market sectors.Moreover,BDO is also an important organic raw material,showing widespread applications extend across multiple key fields such as medicine,textile industry,electronic materials,as well as engineering plastics.Here,this review summarizes the major synthetic methods of BDO and the development of its high-value-added products.Meanwhile,the key problems in the industry preparation process of BDO were discussed,additionally,the merits and demerits in each process flow were also put into deep insight.Finally,prospects were put forward for the BDO-industry development combined with the national characteristics and actual situation.

At present,the application of traditional commercial SCR catalysts in the thermal power denitrification industry is relatively mature,but the flue gas temperature is low and components are complex in non-electric industries including glass,cement,steel,and waste incineration,the operating life of denitrification catalysts is generally short.This is because the operating conditions of non-electric industries are special,and the flue gas contains a large amount of SO₂,H₂O,heavy metals,alkali (earth) metals,dust and metal salts,which lead to catalyst deactivation.Researchers study the mechanisms of catalyst poisoning and waste catalysts regeneration methods to improve the operational life of low-temperature catalysts.This article analyzes the poisoning mechanism and deactivation reasons of low-temperature catalysts,and summarizes the methods for anti-poisoning and resource utilization for deactivation catalyst.

Ester hydrogenation reaction plays a crucial role and is a key step in the synthesis of various high value-added chemicals in modern chemical industry.Especially,in the process route of coal to ethanol and ethylene glycol,the hydrogenation of methyl acetate and dimethyl oxalate is the core step of the process,which is of great significance for promoting the diversification and clean development of coal resources in China.Copper based catalysts are widely used in industrial production for ester hydrogenation reactions due to their advantages of low cost and high selectivity.However,due to the low Tammann temperature of Cu,copper based catalyst nanoparticles (NPs) are prone to aggregation,leading to a decrease in activity.In order to achieve space-time yield in industrial production,it is necessary to increase the reaction temperature,which accelerates the deactivation of copper based catalysts.Researchers usually use methods such as doping additives and developing morphology confinement to hinder the high-temperature aggregation of Cu NPs,in order to maintain the activity of the catalyst and improve its service life.This article elaborates on the mechanism of action of copper based catalysts and the influencing factors of ester hydrogenation reactions.It reviews the research progress of copper based catalysts for ester hydrogenation and introduces typical industrial applications of ester hydrogenation.

Hydrogen,as a zero-carbon and high-energy-density fuel,shows broad prospects in replacing fossil fuels for power generation and in the utilization of clean energy.However,the production,transportation and storage of hydrogen still face significant challenges.Ammonia,as a highly promising hydrogen storage medium,has significant advantages such as high hydrogen content,large energy density,and no carbon emissions during the decomposition process,which has promoted in-depth research on ammonia decomposition hydrogen production technology.The current key bottleneck in this field lies in how to utilize cost-effective catalysts to achieve complete ammonia conversion under a relatively high space velocity[approximately 30 000 mL/(g_cat·h)] and at low-temperature conditions (approximately 350 ℃).This paper systematically reviews recent experimental and theoretical advances in ammonia decomposition,and summarizes four key catalyst design strategies:size effect,alkalinity modulation,metal-support interactions,and alloying effect,with their respective mechanisms for promoting the reaction elucidated accordingly.In addition,this paper briefly surveys the technical features of various ammonia decomposition reactors in recent years and discusses the influence of different energy input methods and reactor configurations on catalyst performance,thereby providing a relatively comprehensive reference framework for subsequent research and facilitating the transition of ammonia-to-hydrogen technology from theory to practical application.

Beta zeolite were synthesized by the crystal-template agent hydrothermal method and modified by impregnation with rare earth metal Ce and transition metal Cr.The performance of their catalytic synthesis of ethyl levulonate(EL) was investigated.The results showed that the total acid content of the modified samples increased significantly.Under the conditions of n(acid)∶n(alcohol)=2∶3,temperature 150 ℃,catalyst amount of 6% by mass of acetopropionic acid,stirring rate 200 r·min^-1 and reaction for 5 h,the esterification efficiencies of Hβ-7%Ce and Hβ-3%Cr were better than those before modification,and the EL yields were 96.93% and 97.69%,respectively,while also demonstrating excellent regeneration performance.

As a kind of non-CO₂ greenhouse gases,hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) have a global warming potential (GWP) ranging from hundreds to tens of thousands of times higher than that of CO₂.Consequently,it is urgent to develop effective emission reduction measures to mitigate HFCs emissions.However,direct elimination methods fail to fully recover and utilize the valuable fluorine (F) resources contained in HFCs.As fourth-generation refrigerants,hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) are characterized by shorter atmospheric lifetime and significantly lower GWP,making them superior alternatives to HFCs.Simultaneously,HFOs serve as critical feedstocks for high-value fluorochemical products,including fluorinated electronic chemicals and fluoropolymers.The gas-solid phase catalytic dehydrofluorination (DHF) process,which converts HFCs into environmentally friendly HFOs,represents the most promising approach.The success of this technology hinges on catalyst development.Current research focuses on four catalyst categories: non-metal catalysts (e.g.,activated carbon-based materials) offer low-cost advantages but suffer from poor regeneration efficiency and stability.Cr-based catalysts demonstrate exceptional dehydrofluorination activity but face environmental concerns due to excessive acidity and potential Cr leaching.Mg-based catalysts show high selectivity,though their complex synthesis processes hinder scalability.Al-based catalysts stand out for their tunable acidity,environmental benignity,and balanced performance,making them the current research priority.Future advancements should prioritize catalyst design with optimized acidity,hierarchical porosity,and enhanced resistance to coking,aiming to achieve high activity,longevity,and industrial applicability to effectively promote the control of HFCs emissions and their resource utilization.

The issue of global climate warming is becoming increasingly serious,and the increase in CO₂ concentration is one of the main causes.The catalytic hydrogenation of CO₂ to produce methanol is a key strategy for mitigating climate change and promoting the sustainable development of the methanol economy.Copper-based catalysts have attracted much attention due to their excellent reaction performance and low cost.This paper introduces the technical route of CO₂ hydrogenation to produce methanol,the preparation methods of catalysts,the composition of copper-based catalysts,the reaction mechanism,and the progress of industrial applications.It also looks forward to the future development direction.

As a major pollutant in the atmosphere,nitrogen oxides (NO_x) have seriously affected human life and health.Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) with ammonia as the reducing agent is the mainstream technology for industrial flue gas denitrification,and denitrification catalysts play a crucial role.According to the flue gas temperatures in different industries,denitrification catalysts can be divided into ultra-low temperature (≤150 ℃),low temperature (≤200 ℃),medium temperature (200~400 ℃),and high temperature (≥400 ℃).This paper reviews the research on denitrification catalysts in different temperature,and introduces the material characteristics and application fields of catalysts in different temperature.Besides,the problems and challenges faced by denitrification catalysts are also analyzed in different temperature and industries,which can provide important guidance for the subsequent research and application on catalysts in relevant different temperature.

Propylene oxide (PO) is a kind of important chemical intermediate,which is extensively used in chemical industries,pharmaceutical,food,and so on.The synthesis methods of propylene oxide mainly include chlorohydrin process,co-oxidation process,cumene hydroperoxide-based process,hydrogen peroxide propylene oxide process,hydrogen and oxygen propylene oxide process,and direct oxygen oxidation,et al.However,with the continuous development of the chemical industry,green efficient and low cost synthesis of PO has become a research hotspot.This article mainly reviews the synthesis methods of propylene oxide and the characteristics and research progress of the corresponding synthesis methods.Meanwhile,a brief overview of the application prospects of propylene oxide is also provided.Future research on the synthesis of PO may focus more on environmental friendliness,process simplification,and cost reduction and efficiency improvement.

Rare-earth oxygen storage materials serve as crucial components in automotive exhaust catalysts,whose performance directly affects the catalytic efficiency,durability,and precious metal consumption.The rapid market expansion of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and extended-range electric vehicles (EREVs) has imposed more stringent requirements on oxygen storage materials in exhaust catalysts.This paper systematically reviews the mechanistic roles of cerium-based oxygen storage materials in automotive exhaust catalysts and summarizes recent research progress,including CeO₂ materials,binary solid solution CeO₂-ZrO₂ materials,ternary solid solution cerium-based materials,and quaternary/multicomponent solid solution cerium-based materials.Furthermore,the development trends of cerium-based oxygen storage materials in automotive exhaust catalysts are discussed,along with analysis of key focuses and challenges for future industrial upgrading.

Metal-organic frameworks materials(MOFs) have garnered significant attention in energy conversion and environmental catalysis due to their high porosity,tunable structures and multi-functionality.As a typical representative of zirconium-based MOFs,UiO-66 has attracted significant attention in the research of functional MOFs in recent years due to its unique zirconium oxide cluster structure,which demonstrates excellent thermal stability,chemical stability and structural modifability.Benefiting from its highly ordered crystalline structure and diverse modification strategies,functionalized UiO-66 has shown great application potential in electrocatalytic reactions.This paper systematically summarizes the synthesis methods,performance optimization strategies of UiO-66 and its application progress in the field of electrocatalysis,points out the challenges faced by UiO-66 material research at the present stage and the future research focus directions,in order to promote the practical application of UiO-66 in the fields of energy and environment.

Propane dehydrogenation (PDH) technology is a crucial pathway for propylene production,but its catalysts are prone to deactivation due to carbon deposition,resulting in performance decline.This study focuses on the moving-bed PDH process,investigating the effects of modulating the pore structure and mechanical strength of the support on catalyst performance.Alumina-based supports (RS-1 to RS-4) were prepared using different pore-enlarging agents (PET-1000,PET-5000,and PVP),and a series of catalysts (RSC-1 to RSC-4) were synthesized by loading Pt-based active components via the equal-volume co-impregnation method.Nitrogen adsorption-desorption and strength tests revealed that the addition of pore-enlarging agents significantly increased the support pore size (from 10.9 nm to 24.5 nm),and the introduction of PVP mitigated the strength reduction caused by pore enlargement by enhancing particle binding forces.Catalyst performance was evaluated under conditions of 600-620 ℃,atmospheric pressure,and an H₂/C₃H₈ molar ratio of 0.5.The results showed that catalysts RSC-3 and RSC-4,prepared with large-pore supports,exhibited reduced carbon deposition due to optimized mass transfer processes,leading to significantly lower decay rates in conversion and selectivity,as well as superior stability compared to the small-pore catalyst (RSC-1).This study demonstrates that synergistic regulation of pore size expansion and mechanical strength can effectively enhance the carbon resistance and service life of PDH catalyst,providing key optimization direction for industrial catalyst design.Future research will focus on further optimizing the synergistic effects of additives and regeneration performance.

Silver catalyst is the only industrial catalyst for the production of ethylene oxide (EO),but there are problems such as complex catalyst structure,unclear mechanism,low conversion,low reactant partial pressure,high energy consumption for recycle flow and product separation,and high CO₂ emission.The single-atom catalysts (SACs) show great application prospects in ethylene epoxidation reaction based on their outstanding advantages such as clear structure,clear mechanism,and controllable structure and performance,as well as their high atom utilization,high activity and selectivity.And the current relevant catalyst design strategies are mainly categorized into single-atom thermal catalysts and single-atom electrocatalysts.This review detailed the current research progress and challenges in this field,and gave some methods and suggestions to solve the dilemmas based on relevant research reports,including stability improvement of SACs,scale-up preparation techniques,design of novel SACs,and in-depth exploration of the mechanism as an aid.

Acrylic acid special esters are compounds with specific functions that are formed through esterification reactions between acrylic acid or methyl acrylate and specific structural alcohols,or through ester exchange reactions between general acrylic esters(such as methyl ester,ethyl ester,and butyl ester) and specific structural alcohols.They are widely used in high-end fields such as coatings,adhesives,medical materials,and electronic materials,and are key intermediates in the fields of fine chemicals and new materials.The core feature is the introduction of special functional groups through the structural design of the alcohol segment,thereby endowing them with unique properties different from general acrylic esters.This review covers the types and synthesis methods of acrylic special esters,including direct esterification method,ester exchange method,and acyl chloride method;then it summarizes their applications in high-end fields such as coatings,adhesives,medical materials,and electronic materials,and looks forward to their future development directions.

Catalytic combustion is currently one of the most effective methods to purify volatile organic compounds (VOCs).The design of effective catalysts for VOCs combustion is of great importance.An overview of domestic and foreign patent applications in this field and the primary applicants are herein subjected to statistical analysis.The area of volatile organic compounds catalytic purification is investigated in detail with an emphasis patent of the main catalytic systems and the evolving processes of the respective technical systems.Based on the state of art development in this field,rationalized recommendations are given for the development of catalysts for purification of volatile organic compounds,aiming to provide reference and inspiration for the subsequent development of highly active,highly stable,widely applicable catalysts and their industrial applications,and to provide valuable references for patent applications and layouts.

By doping metal Cu and Ni to modify CeO₂-ZrO₂,the effects of depositiion-precipitation method,hydrothermal method,microwave hydrothermal method,equal volume impregnation method,and template method on the structure and performance of the catalyst were compared.It was found that the catalyst synthesized by the template method (CTAB-NaOH) exhibited solid solution oxide characteristics,along with numerous oxygen vacancies,acid-base active sites,a large specific surface area,and a low reduction potential.It showed extremely high activity in the direct synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and methanol.Under the conditions of 160 ℃,4 MPa,space velocity of 6 h^-1,and hydrophilic SiO₂ as a dehydrating agent,the methanol conversion reached 39.1%,and the DMC yield reached 38.9%.

Isooctyl glycidyl ether was synthesized using liquid-solid phase transfer catalysis with isooctanol and epichlorohydrin as raw materials,quaternary ammonium salt as catalyst,and sodium hydroxide as acid binding agent.The effects of different catalyst,catalyst addition amount,reaction temperature,feed ratio,and reaction time on the product yield were investigated.Finally,the optimal etherification process parameters were finally determined based on orthogonal experimental design.The results showed that the optimal process parameters were as follows:catalyst addition amount of 8 g,feed ratio of 1∶1.2∶1.5 (1 mol of isooctanol,1.2 mol of epichlorohydrin,and 1.5 mol of sodium hydroxide),reaction temperature of 30 ℃,and reaction time of 7 h.When the acid binding agent was added in batches,the average yield of the product isooctyl glycidyl ether can reached 87.40%,and the purity reached 99.08%.

For the exterior wall engineering of construction projects,modified silica superhydrophobic coatings was prepared by the Stober method using hydroxyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane and ammonia water as raw materials.Their hydrophobicity,self-cleaning and durability were analyzed by using contact angle tester and adhesion tester.The results show that the modified silica particles with moderate particle size can be obtained when the dosage of anhydrous ethanol is 180 mL,the amount of ammonia is 10 mL,the amount of ethyl orthosilicate is 10 mL and the modification time is 2.5 h.The amount of modified silica has a significant effect on the hydrophobic and self-cleaning properties of the coating.When the amount of modified silica is 6%,the coating shows the best hydrophobic and self-cleaning properties,and can maintain a high static contact angle and a low sliding angle under long-term water impact.When the mass ratio of modifier hydroxy-terminated polydimethylsiloxane to modified silica is 3∶3,the hydrophobic degree of the coating reaches the highest value.Appropriate increase of silane coupling agent can significantly improve the durability of the coating,and the optimal dosage is 20% (by mass fraction).

Developing long-life and low-cost electrolytes is one of the key challenges for realizing the commercialization of zinc-air batteries for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).In this work,a hydrophilic silicone oil/zinc acetate mixed electrolyte is prepared by physical mixing method.The process is simple,and the raw material cost is reduced by about 30% compared with the traditional 6 mol/L KOH system.The zinc-air battery with 1 mol/L zinc acetate and hydrophilic silicone oil mixed electrolyte system has a cycle life of 400 h at 0.2 mA/cm²,which is 1.38 and 2.86 times of 1 mol/L zinc acetate aqueous solution (290 h) and 6 mol/L KOH electrolyte (140 h),respectively.The mixed electrolyte not only possesses the high conductivity of zinc acetate electrolyte but also has the characteristic of hydrophilic silicone oil to inhibit electrolyte volatilization,thereby significantly extending the service life of zinc-air batteries.The zinc-air battery with a mixed electrolyte system exhibits a low internal resistance (25 Ω) and a high-power density (44.3 mW/cm²),approaching those of the 6 mol/L KOH solution system (15 Ω,47.2 mW/cm²).The hybrid power system of this zinc-air battery and lithium-ion battery achieves a power-to-weight ratio of 33 mN/g,representing a 12% increase compared to single lithium batteries.This enables a 20% extension in the flight duration of quadrotor drones,with stable power output maintained at 2.5 W.This study provides a novel strategy for electrolyte design of zinc-air batteries,featuring long lifespan,low cost,and high stability.The mixed electrolyte system demonstrates remarkable application potential in the fields of long-life energy storage and drone power sources.

The large-scale adoption of water electrolysis is hindered by high energy barriers in hydrogen evolution (HER) and oxygen evolution (OER) reactions.This paper addresses this challenge by synthesizing a core-shell CoCu₂S₄@Ni(OH)₂ composite via a ZIF-67-templated hydrothermal method.In 1 mol·L^-1 KOH,the catalyst achieved ultralow overpotentials of 98 mV (HER) and 224 mV (OER) at 10 mA·cm^-2.Configured as a dual-function electrolyzer [CoCu₂S₄@Ni(OH)₂ ‖ CoCu₂S₄@Ni(OH)₂],it required only 1.54 V to drive 10 mA·cm^-2,surpassing noble metal systems (Pt/C‖IrO₂) and demonstrating exceptional stability over 70 h with negligible decay.The enhanced performance stems from its hierarchical core-shell structure,which promotes electrolyte diffusion and gas release,coupled with optimized electronic conductivity and interfacial stability.

One of the cores of transesterification reactions is the selection and application of catalysts.Compared with metal catalysts,non-metal catalysts do not have the interference of metal ions and have the advantages of being environmentally friendly,low toxicity,structural diversity,controllability and good stability.The development of non-metallic catalysts for transesterification reactions in recent years is introduced.Meanwhile,the preparation methods and specific applications of these catalysts are systematically summarized.The advantages and disadvantages of solid acids,solid bases,enzymes and other non-metallic catalysts are discussed.The current problems of non-metallic catalysts are proposed,and their future development directions and industrial applications are prospected.

Microflower-structured MoS₂ catalysts,both pure and doped with transition metals (Fe or Mn),were successfully synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal method for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER).The morphology,composition and structure of the material were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD),and its hydrogen evolution performance during water electrolysis was studied.Results confirm the successful incorporation of Fe or Mn atoms into the MoS₂ lattice.At a current density of 10 mA/cm²,the Fe-doped catalyst (Fe-MoS₂-1∶10) exhibited the HER overpotential of 482 mV and the Tafel slope of 148 mV/dec,which were lower than those of pure MoS₂,demonstrating excellent electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance.Notably,the Mn-doped catalyst (Mn-MoS₂) achieved the lowest Tafel slope of 101 mV/dec,indicating the most favorable HER kinetics.

This paper reviews the recent progress and current status of the oligomerization of high-carbon α-olefins catalyzed by metallocene catalysts.The effects of α-olefins on performance of catalytic systems and the properties of various metallocene poly-α-olefins (mPAOs) are systematically analyzed.Furthermore,the factors such as catalyst structures,substituent effects,reaction conditions,and catalyst modification strategies were carefully studied,and a relationship between these factors and the molecular chain structure of mPAOs,product selectivity and property was established.Finally,the future prospects of the mPAO field are illustrated,which may provide guidance significance for designing and developing high-performance and differentiated mPAO products.

Excessive use of pesticides in agriculture to protect crops has led to widespread pesticide residues in soil, air, water, the blood and urine of living organisms, posing a significant threat to ecosystems and human well-being.To address this issue, the advanced oxidation processes (AOP) utilizing semiconductor photocatalysis to degrade pollutants into simpler compounds has become one of the promising methods.Photocatalysts play a crucial role in this process.Among them, zinc oxide (ZnO) has received widespread attention due to its excellent photocatalytic performance, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness.The research status of eliminating organophosphorus pesticides widely used in agriculture from the environment by using semiconductor photocatalysis is mainly introduced.It provides an overview of water pollution caused by organophosphorus pesticides, their occurrence, classification, and introduces the development of doped ZnO photocatalysis.The main emphasis was on the use of ZnO based composite materials for the degradation of organophosphorus pesticides, and the effects of operating parameters such as catalyst dosage, pesticide concentration, pH and reaction temperature on the photocatalytic degradation process were explore.

In this study,a novel phosphorus-nitrogen-boron multi-element synergistic flame retardant (PMB) was successfully synthesized via a one-pot solid-phase polycondensation process and incorporated into polypropylene (PP) composites.The structure and thermal stability of PMB were characterized by FTIR and TGA.The results demonstrated that PMB exhibits excellent flame retardancy in the PP matrix.When the addition amount was 20%,the composite reached UL-94 V-0 grade,and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) increased to 25.08%.Cone calorimetry tests revealed that PMB significantly reduced the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR).The flame-retardant mechanism combines gas-phase radical quenching and condensed-phase char layer formation,achieving a synergistic effect of dual flame-retardant mechanisms.This research provides a new design strategy for developing high-efficiency and environmentally friendly halogen-free flame-retardant materials.

Methanol steam reforming (MSR) for hydrogen production is essential for advancing clean energy,and improving CO₂ selectivity is particularly important.In this study, indium-incorporated palladium with different contents were synthesized on ceria catalysts using incipient wetness impregnation and hydrothermal methods for the methanol steam reforming reaction.Through indium incorporation,the catalyst performance was optimized,achieving 98% methanol conversion and 100% CO₂ selectivity.In-situ DRIFTS experiments revealed the evolution of intermediate species during the reaction,allowing for the proposal of a potential reaction pathway.Various characterization techniques,including XRD,Raman,EPR,XPS,STEM,and AC-STEM,were also employed to provide insights into the physical and chemical properties of the catalysts.Overall,our findings present a new strategy for designing high-performance MSR catalysts.

In order to study the feasibility of solving the problem of boiler air preheater ash deposition caused by the formation of ammonium bisulfate through the method by heating,a simultaneous thermal analyzer and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer were used to study the decomposition characteristics of ammonium bisulfate deposited in alumina,quartz sand,and coal ash samples in the range of 30~920 ℃.The samples were heated from 30 ℃ to 920 ℃ at a rate of 20 ℃/min in a N₂ atmosphere.The results show that the decomposition characteristics of ammonium bisulfate on different deposits are different,and its decomposition characteristics are not only related to the type of deposits but also to the composition of the deposits.Among them,the thermal decomposition characteristics of ammonium bisulfate deposited on quartz sand are similar to ammonium bisulfate,primarily involving the thermal decomposition of ammonium bisulfate.However,the thermal decomposition characteristics of ammonium bisulfate deposited in alumina and coal ash are markedly different from those of pure ammonium bisulfate.This is primarily due to the reaction of ammonium bisulfate with the deposited substrate,which produces gases,and the subsequent decomposition of the generated solid into gases,leading to a reduction in mass.Furthermore,the melting point of the generated solid before decomposition is lower than that of ammonium bisulfate,thereby exacerbating ash fouling.

Styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymer(SBS),as an important thermoplastic elastomer(TPE),has a wide application market.The complete hydrogenation of unsaturated bonds containing benzene rings in SBS to prepare cyclic block copolymers(CBC) can further enhance the material's heat resistance,oxidation resistance and other properties,thereby promoting its application in high-end fields.Heterogeneous catalysts have attracted much attention in the full hydrogenation reaction of polymers due to their high stability and easy separation.Starting from the basic physical properties and reaction mechanisms of SBS polymer molecules,this paper focuses on the research achievements of heterogeneous catalysts in the full hydrogenation reaction of SBS in recent years,and summarizes the selection of heterogeneous catalytic reaction processes and solvents,providing a reference for the development of efficient polymer hydrogenation technologies.

Traditional powder photocatalysts face challenges such as aggregation-prone behavior,insufficient long-term stability,and difficult post-use recovery in practical applications.In contrast,monolithic photocatalysts can be directly applied in fixed-bed reactors or continuous-flow systems,offering facile separation and greater alignment with industrial requirements.However,current reports on monolithic photocatalysts for water splitting remain scarce,and existing synthesis protocols often involve complex procedures.There is an urgent need to develop more high-performance monolithic photocatalyst systems coupled with simple and rapid preparation methods.In this study,a Ni₃S₂-ZnIn₂S₄ heterojunction monolithic photocatalyst was controllably synthesized on nickel foam via a one-step hydrothermal method.The nickel foam not only serves as a robust structural scaffold but also acts as a nickel source for the in situ generation of Ni₃S₂ co-catalysts.The formed Ni₃S₂-ZnIn₂S₄ heterojunction significantly enhances photocatalytic activity and stability.The optimized Ni₃S₂-ZnIn₂S₄ monolithic catalyst demonstrates exceptional hydrogen evolution performance,achieving a cumulative hydrogen yield of 48.6 μmol over 5 hours,which is 3.4-fold higher than that of its powdered counterpart and surpasses many contemporary monolithic photocatalysts.This strategy exhibits simplicity,compatibility,and scalability,providing a novel pathway for the fabrication of large-scale photocatalytic water splitting systems.

Separation of alkali nitrogen compounds in petroleum products by ion exchange resin method.Through the adsorption performance tests of three different cation exchange resins,the optimal adsorption conditions were obtained as follows:using macroporous strongly acidic styrene-based cation exchange resin (D001-cc),with a column flow rate of 2 mL·min^-1 and 25% sulfuric acid modification,the average alkali nitrogen removal rate was 93.43%.The optimal elution conditions are as follows:the eluent is ethylamine-ethanol (volume ratio 3∶7),the flow rate is 1 mL·min^-1,the addition amount is 40 mL,and the average elution rate is 80.9%.

A series of nanosheet ZSM-5 zeolites with different phosphorus precursors and loadings were synthesized using the impregnation method.The crystal structure,morphology,pore structure,and acidity of these materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD),scanning electron microscopy (SEM),N₂ physical adsorption-desorption,and NH₃ temperature-programmed desorption (NH₃-TPD).The effects of phosphorus modification on the hydrothermal stability of nanosheet ZSM-5 and its performance in the co-cracking reaction of n-butene and methanol were systematically investigated.In this study,different phosphorus precursors[(NH₄)₂HPO₄ and H₃PO₂]were used to modify the catalysts.After treatment at 800 ℃ under 100% steam for 4 hours,it was found that H₃PO₂ modification significantly improved the hydrothermal stability of the samples.Based on this,we further investigated the influence of H₃PO₂ loading on the hydrothermal stability and catalytic performance of the samples.The experimental results indicated that when the H₃PO₂ loading was mass fraction of 0.5%,the catalyst exhibited excellent stability and high light olefin yield in the co-cracking reaction of n-butene and methanol even after the aforementioned harsh hydrothermal treatment.The initial conversion of n-butene reached 68% after hydrothermal treatment,which was nearly 20 percentage points higher than that of the unmodified sample subjected to the same treatment.Additionally,the initial yield of ethylene and propylene increased by nearly 25 percentage points compared to the unmodified sample after hydrothermal treatment.After 340 hours of reaction,the total yield of ethylene and propylene still reached 40%.

A sodium chloride (NaCl)-assisted ball milling strategy was developed to synthesize a series of manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieve (OMS-2) catalysts.A comprehensive investigation using XRD,BET,Raman spectroscopy,XPS,HRTEM,SEM,and H₂-TPR elucidates the effects of NaCl content on the specific surface area,pore structure,and oxygen vacancy concentration of the OMS-2 samples.Ozone decomposition performance tests reveal that catalysts prepared with an optimal NaCl content exhibit significantly enhanced activity and stability compared to NaCl-free counterparts,whereas excessive NaCl loading leads to performance deterioration.The findings demonstrate that NaCl-induced surface oxygen vacancies not only promote efficient ozone decomposition but also mitigate water-induced catalyst deactivation by suppressing competitive adsorption.The optimized catalyst,OMS-2-10,achieves 89.1% ozone conversion over 70 h under dry conditions [30 ℃,600 L·(g·h)^-1] and retains 77.8% conversion for 6 h under humid conditions (50% RH).This work introduces a mechanochemistry-based approach for catalyst synthesis,providing new insights and theoretical guidance for the development of advanced ozone decomposition catalysts.

Appropriate boron doping has been reported to significantly enhance the catalytic performance of Ni/MgAl₂O₄ catalyst in the dry reforming of methane (DRM), however the underlying reaction mechanism remains unclear.In this work,density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed to systematically investigate the mechanistic differences between Ni/MgAl₂O₄ and B-doped Ni/MgAl₂O₄ catalytic systems during the DRM process.The results indicate that the introduction of boron markedly modifies the geometric configuration and electronic structure of Ni clusters.Strong orbital hybridization between the B p orbitals and Ni d orbitals is observed,leading to a reduced d-state density near the Fermi level.Such electronic regulation enhances the adsorption of CH₄ while weakening the adsorption strength of CO₂,and significantly lowers the dissociation energy barriers of both reactants.Consequently,the overall catalytic activity of the B-doped Ni/MgAl₂O₄ system is effectively improved.This study provides theoretical insights into the role of boron doping and offers guidance for the rational design and structural optimization of high-performance DRM catalyst.

In the context of global climate change,carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technology has received widespread attention as a key technology for reducing greenhouse gas CO₂ emissions and achieving the “dual carbon” goal.The operating cost of CO₂ capture technology accounts for 70% of the total CCUS cost and is the core of CCUS technology.The PCET (proton-coupled electron transfer) reaction mechanism,as a crucial reaction pathway in the fields of energy conversion and environmental protection,has demonstrated significant application potential in CO₂ capture technology.This article introduces the mechanism of PCET,summarizes the latest research progress of PCET application in electrocatalytic CO₂ capture,deeply analyzes the advantages of related technologies,and further looks forward to future development directions,providing theoretical references for CO₂ capture.

For the problem that the slurry circulation pump of the desulfurization device in thermal power plants is difficult to achieve both energy saving and precise control under conditions such as gas-liquid-solid three-phase coupling,load disturbance,and slurry property drift,a variable frequency optimization method based on random forest-slip mode hybrid control (RF-SMC) is proposed.Firstly,an absorption tower gas-liquid-solid three-phase flow coupling model and a pump-pipe combined dynamic model were constructed,considering the flow field,mass transfer,and electromagnetic multi-physics field coupling characteristics.On this basis,Kalman filtering-adaptive disturbance observer (KF-ADO) was used to achieve model reduction and parameter drift compensation.Then,random forest was introduced to real-time compensate for unmodeled dynamics,and the adaptive boundary layer-event triggered(ABLET) mechanism was combined to reduce the switching frequency.Simulation results show that in two types of operating conditions of 75% rated load and 40% to 100% load climbing,compared with PID,MPC,and SMC,the average tracking error of RF-SMC is reduced by approximately 68%,43%,25%,and 65%,42%,34% respectively,and the motor power loss is reduced by approximately 11%,8%,15%,and 11%,9%,17% respectively.The control update frequency is reduced to 700 Hz,providing a new idea for the energy-saving operation of the desulfurization circulation pump and providing strong support for the optimization of the power consumption of thermal power plants,and has engineering promotion value.

Alkene catalytic hydration reaction is one of the core industrial processes for producing alcohols.The directional addition of alkene and water through liquid acid catalyst, solid acid catalyst, and enzyme catalyst is widely used in petrochemical, fine chemicals, and biofuels.In this review, the reaction mechanism of alkene catalyzed hydration was analyzed, and the research progress of alkene catalyzed hydration catalyst systems was introduced from three aspects: liquid acid catalysts, a number of solid acid catalysts, and biological enzyme catalysts.The key challenges of alkene catalyzed hydration technology were highlighted, and the future development directions were prospected.

This article investigates a directing agent with short aging time and high activity,which can synthesize high crystallinity NaY zeolites in a relatively short period of time.The influence of aging times ranging from 2 to 12 hours and aging temperatures between 30 ℃ and 45 ℃ on the appearance and activity of the directing agent was examined,as well as the effect of optimizing the preparation ratio of directing agent on the particle size of NaY zeolite.The results showed that the aging time of the directing agent was only 4 h,and the relative crystallinity of NaY molecular sieve could reach over 90%.When the aging temperature was 40 ℃ and the amount of directing agent added was 8%,the small particle size of NaY obtained by scanning electron microscopy analysis was 500~600 nm.