Compared with conventional petroleum-based aviation kerosene,bio-aviation fuel can reduce CO₂ emissions by more than 50% throughout its entire life cycle.One-step hydrogenation of bio-oil is a highly promising production process for bioaviation fuel.This process sequentially completes deoxygenation and the cracking/isomerization reactions of the deoxygenation products on the surface of a bifunctional catalyst,ultimately obtaining an aviation fuel fraction.However,this reaction process is complex,and the carbon number distribution(CND) of the aviation fuel fraction is difficult to control.Nevertheless,the combustion performance of bioaviation fuel is closely related to its CND.Up to now,there is still a lack of systematic summary of the key factors and mechanisms affecting the CND of the aviation fuel fraction.This article focuses on summarizing the effects of catalyst composition and structural properties,reaction conditions,and other factors on the CND of bio-aviation fuel fractions,and looks forward to its future development,providing support for the production of bio-aviation fuel with controllable CND and combustion performance.

Acrylic acid special esters are compounds with specific functions that are formed through esterification reactions between acrylic acid or methyl acrylate and specific structural alcohols,or through ester exchange reactions between general acrylic esters(such as methyl ester,ethyl ester,and butyl ester) and specific structural alcohols.They are widely used in high-end fields such as coatings,adhesives,medical materials,and electronic materials,and are key intermediates in the fields of fine chemicals and new materials.The core feature is the introduction of special functional groups through the structural design of the alcohol segment,thereby endowing them with unique properties different from general acrylic esters.This review covers the types and synthesis methods of acrylic special esters,including direct esterification method,ester exchange method,and acyl chloride method;then it summarizes their applications in high-end fields such as coatings,adhesives,medical materials,and electronic materials,and looks forward to their future development directions.

The issue of global climate warming is becoming increasingly serious,and the increase in CO₂ concentration is one of the main causes.The catalytic hydrogenation of CO₂ to produce methanol is a key strategy for mitigating climate change and promoting the sustainable development of the methanol economy.Copper-based catalysts have attracted much attention due to their excellent reaction performance and low cost.This paper introduces the technical route of CO₂ hydrogenation to produce methanol,the preparation methods of catalysts,the composition of copper-based catalysts,the reaction mechanism,and the progress of industrial applications.It also looks forward to the future development direction.

The synthesis of dimethyl ether (DME) through CO₂ hydrogenation is one of the important ways to transformation and reutilization of carbon resources.This reaction involves a two-step tandem process,including the hydrogenation of CO₂ to methanol catalyzed by metal active center and the dehydration of methanol catalyzed by acid sites.By regulating the distribution of the metal Cu active center and Ga₂O₃ acidic sites in the CuGaO catalyst using different preparation methods,the influence of the cooperative effect of these two types of active centers on the catalyst performance was studied.The results showed that compared with the catalyst prepared by impregnation method,the CuGaO catalyst prepared by the coprecipitation method decreased the crystal size of Cu particles and the crystallinity of Ga₂O₃,increased the number of acid sites over CuGaO catalyst,thus enables the Cu active sites and acid sites to closely collaboration.The results show that under the conditions of 280 ℃,3.0 MPa,and a space velocity of 6 000 mL·(g·h)^-1,when using the CuGaO-IM catalyst with weak synergetic effect between the two types of active centers,the product is mainly methanol,and the space-time yield was 23.1 g·(kg·h)^-1,while the DME space-time yield was only 0.7 g·(kg·h)^-1;while using the CuGaO-DC and CuGaO-CP catalysts with close cooperation between the two types of active centers,the DME space-time yields were 73.4 g·(kg·h)^-1 and 126.9 g·(kg·h)^-1 respectively,indicating that the cooperative effect of the two types of active centers has qualitatively improved the methanol dehydration activity of the catalyst.In addition,the CuGaO-CP catalyst maintained high activity and stability after continuous operation for 100 hours.

In the production of BDO via maleic anhydride esterification,the presence of acetal impurities not only reduces the distillation efficiency of crude BDO products,but also adversely affects the quality of high value-added products such as polyester.Based on actual production data and experimental verification,this study investigates the key process parameters influencing acetal formation and elucidates its formation mechanism.The results demonstrate that maintaining the reaction temperature at 170~190 ℃ and controlling the acid value of raw materials below 1 mg_KOH·g^-1 can effectively suppress the dehydrogenation of BDO to 4-hydroxybutyraldehyde.This optimization significantly reduces acetal content in crude BDO,thereby improving the quality of polyester product.The findings provide both theoretical foundation and technical guidance for industrial production.

The dry reforming of methane (DRM) catalytic system innovatively integrates dual objectives of carbon resource utilization and emission control,and represents a paradigm shift in energy-environment synergy.Ni-based zeolite catalysts (Ni-TS-1-1%Co and Ni-TS-1-5%Co) were synthesized via the impregnation.By systematically investigating the synthesis conditions,precise control of the Ni-based catalyst structure was achieved.The influence of cobalt loading on the physicochemical properties of the catalyst was studied.The catalysts were comprehensively characterized using XRD (crystal structure),XPS (surface composition),N₂ adsorption-desorption (textural properties),and TG (thermal behavior),and tested in DRM in a fixed-bed reactor.Mechanistic interpretation of how nickel catalyst architecture governs reforming efficiency was conducted.The results indicate that increasing the Co loading enhances the methane conversion in DRM.The Ni-TS-1-5%Co catalyst exhibited the highest CH₄ conversion of 88.85%,while simultaneously reducing carbon deposition on the catalyst.

Low-concentration methane sources are numerous and the total emission volume is large,leading to severe greenhouse effects.Catalytic combustion technology is one of the effective methods for treating low-concentration methane.The performance of the catalyst is a key factor affecting the catalytic combustion effect.The Co₃O₄ precursor was prepared by the combustion method using citric acid solution,and then it was calcined at different temperatures to prepare a series of Co₃O₄ catalysts for removing methane.The catalysts were characterized by XRD,Raman,SEM and H₂-TPR methods.The results showed that increasing the calcination temperature reduced the number of lattice defects,specific surface area,surface Co³⁺ content and redox ability of Co₃O₄,but enhanced the Co-O interaction.When the calcination temperature was 400 ℃,the content of oxygen species adsorbed on the surface of Co₃O₄ was the highest,and the ratio of adsorbed oxygen species to lattice oxygen species reached 0.254,which was conducive to improving the catalytic activity of Co₃O₄.The T₉₀ value of Co₃O₄-400 was 380 ℃.This catalyst had good resistance to water and sulfur poisoning at 390 ℃.When water vapor with a volume fraction of 1.2% and 0.003% SO₂ were introduced,the activity of the catalyst did not decrease by more than 1% after 4 hours of reaction,providing ideas for the development of low-concentration methane catalytic combustion materials.

To systematically investigate the intrinsic kinetics of the gas-phase dehydration of sec-butanol catalyzed by boron phosphate (BPO₄),a series of BPO₄ catalysts were prepared at various calcination temperatures.The phase structure and acidic properties of the catalysts were characterized using XRD,FT-IR,and Py-FT-IR,and their catalytic performance was evaluated in a fixed-bed reactor.After eliminating diffusion limitations,a Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model,assuming surface reaction as the rate-controlling step,was established,and kinetic parameters were obtained via regression.The results indicate that BPO₄ exhibits excellent catalytic activity at 613 K.This catalyst showed no significant deactivation after 60 hours of reaction at 578.15 K,with a high stability when the catalyst dosage was 1.0 g,the N₂ flow rate was 40 mL·min^-1,and the feed rate of secondary butanol solution was 0.056 mL·min^-1.Statistical testing confirmed that the kinetic model provides a good fit,verifying the rationality of the proposed reaction mechanism and kinetic equations.

Using carbon disulfide as the reaction material and solvent,in a reactor,the bisulfide of tetraisobutylthiuram disulfide(TiBTD) was prepared by a two-step method,effectively shortening the process steps and increasing the yield of the target product.According to the ratio n(tetrabutylamine)∶n(sodium hydroxide)∶n(carbon disulfide)∶n(hydrogen peroxide)=1∶1∶1.24∶0.54,the tetrabutylamine,carbon disulfide,and sodium hydroxide undergo a condensation reaction under alkaline conditions to prepare TiBTD,with a yield of 95.2%.TiBTD was characterized by FT-IR,XRD,UV-vis,HPLC,¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR.The results showed that the purity of TiBTD was 99.58%,the structure was complex,there was significant molecular space steric hindrance,the nitrogen was in a tertiary amine stable structure,and no nitrosamines were produced;the number of hydrogen atoms was 36,the number of carbon atoms was 18,and it was consistent with the molecular formula C₁₈H₃₆N₂S₄,providing basic experimental data for industrial applications.

Using 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl propionic methyl ester and pentaerythritol as raw materials,and under the catalytic condition of stannous octoate,the ester exchange reaction was employed to synthesize tetra[β-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid]pentaerythritol ester.The product was characterized by infrared spectroscopy.An orthogonal experiment was conducted to investigate the main factors affecting the yield of tetra[β-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid]pentaerythritol ester:the ratio of raw materials,the addition temperature of the catalyst,the reaction temperature,and the reaction time.The optimal synthesis conditions were:n(pentaerythritol)∶n(3,5-methyl ester)=1∶4.4,reaction temperature of 200 ℃,reaction time of 10 h,catalyst addition temperature of 100 ℃,and the catalyst stearic acid stannous chloride dosage was 3% of the mass of the raw material 3,5-methyl ester.Under these conditions,the yield of tetra[β-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid]pentaerythritol ester was 92%.

In order to analyze the pollution situation of waste incineration power plants,a model for analyzing the contribution of pollution loads of waste incineration power plants and calculating environmental capacity was proposed.Using a garbage incineration power generation enterprise in a city in northern China as the research area,the atmospheric box model is used to solve the pollutant source intensity in reverse and calculate the pollution load by combining static wind and stable source intensity scenarios.The environmental capacity accounting model was constructed using the A-P value method,and environmental capacity accounting was carried out from two aspects:regional total control and individual pollution source emission constraints.The load contribution analysis results show that there are seasonal differences in the emission of atmospheric pollutants from garbage incineration,and the amount of flue gas decreases in winter.In the contribution of pollution load,NO_x is the core pollutant,with summer and winter pollution contribution rates of 81.86% and 85.3%,respectively,followed by CO;The spatial distribution of NO_x pollution load shows an annual evolution characteristic,which is influenced by both incineration conditions and meteorological conditions.Environmental capacity accounting shows that the study area has different pollutant holding capacities,with higher CO environmental capacity and relatively lower HCl.The actual emission load of various pollutants in the garbage incineration plant is much lower than the regional environmental capacity emission rate limit,with a low capacity occupancy rate and good matching with the regional environmental carrying capacity.

Using the sol-gel method and oxalic acid as the chelating agent,a La_0.9Ca_0.1MnO₃ catalyst suitable for degrading anionic and cationic dyes was prepared.The crystal structure,morphology and particle size distribution of the samples were characterized by XRD,SEM.Using Congo Red(CR),Rhodamine B(RhB),Methylene Blue(MB) and Methyl Red(MO) dyes as the degradable dyes,the effects of light source,catalyst concentration,pollutant concentration and pH value of reaction solution on the photocatalytic activity of La_0.9Ca_0.1MnO₃ catalyst were investigated.The results showed that the La_0.9Ca_0.1MnO₃ catalyst had an orthorhombic structure,consisting of some approximately spherical ultrafine particles,without other impurities,with a space group of Pnma(62),and an average particle size of 50 nm.When using ultraviolet light irradiation,a catalyst concentration of 1 g·L^-1,a pollutant concentration of 10 mg·L^-1 and a pH value of 9,the degradation rate of MB dye by the La_0.9Ca_0.1MnO₃ catalyst reached 95%.Under acidic conditions,the La_0.9Ca_0.1MnO₃ catalyst was conducive to the degradation of CR dye,and under alkaline conditions,it was conducive to the degradation of RhB,MB and MO dyes.The active species for the degradation of pollutants by the La_0.9Ca_0.1MnO₃ catalyst were holes and hydroxyl radicals.

For the problem that the slurry circulation pump of the desulfurization device in thermal power plants is difficult to achieve both energy saving and precise control under conditions such as gas-liquid-solid three-phase coupling,load disturbance,and slurry property drift,a variable frequency optimization method based on random forest-slip mode hybrid control (RF-SMC) is proposed.Firstly,an absorption tower gas-liquid-solid three-phase flow coupling model and a pump-pipe combined dynamic model were constructed,considering the flow field,mass transfer,and electromagnetic multi-physics field coupling characteristics.On this basis,Kalman filtering-adaptive disturbance observer (KF-ADO) was used to achieve model reduction and parameter drift compensation.Then,random forest was introduced to real-time compensate for unmodeled dynamics,and the adaptive boundary layer-event triggered(ABLET) mechanism was combined to reduce the switching frequency.Simulation results show that in two types of operating conditions of 75% rated load and 40% to 100% load climbing,compared with PID,MPC,and SMC,the average tracking error of RF-SMC is reduced by approximately 68%,43%,25%,and 65%,42%,34% respectively,and the motor power loss is reduced by approximately 11%,8%,15%,and 11%,9%,17% respectively.The control update frequency is reduced to 700 Hz,providing a new idea for the energy-saving operation of the desulfurization circulation pump and providing strong support for the optimization of the power consumption of thermal power plants,and has engineering promotion value.