The quality specifications of vehicle fuels are more and more strict due to the increase in the consciousness of environmental protection.In order to achieve the goal of lower sulfur contents in gasoline and diesel, it is extremely urgent to develop the ultra deep desulfurization technologies.Currently hydrodesulfurization technology is the key technology of large-scale commercial application, and the core of hydrodesulfurization is the development of highly efficient catalysts. In this article, the typical hydrodesulfurization reaction pathways of different kinds of sulfides were introduced.The mechanisms of thiophene,benzothiophene,dibenzothiophene and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene, which were the representative refractory sulfur-containing molecules, on different catalysts were mainly discussed.It will provide some theoretical directions for the design of the catalysts for the ultra-deep hydrodesulfurization.

Research progress in metallocene catalysts supported on inorganic carriers such as silica, magnesium chloride,zeolite,and clay were introduced.The characteristic of metallocene catalysts supported on inorganic carriers,loading methods,and the effects of loading on catalytic properties of the catalysts for olefin polymerization were reviewed.

Transition metal nitrides are known as platinumlike metal and have been studied extensively on catalytic reaction.The application of molybdenum nitrides and molybdenum nitrides promoted by the assistants in hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrogenation,ammonia synthesis and decomposition, and aromatic hydrogenation and other hydrogeninvolving reactions(such as the hydrogenation of alkynes and alkenes,acetone condensation,hydrazine decomposition) was reviewed. The application of other metal nitrides(such as vanadium nitrides and cobalt nitrides) in catalytic reactions was introduced.

Silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieve(SAPO) is a 3-dimensional microporous crystal framework consisted of PO4,AlO4 and SiO4,which has excellent regioselectivity,ion exchange,acid adjustability, and hydrothermal stability,and can be widely used in cracking reaction,alkylation reaction,polymerization,reforming reaction,hydrogenation,dehydrogenation and hydration reaction.Application of SAPO-n molecular sieve catalysts for n-alkanes isomerization were reviewed.Catalysts supported on SAPO showed higher catalytic activities of isomerization than that supported on traditional supporters.Precious metal supported SAPO catalysts exhibited high isomerization activity and selectivity.Non-noble metal catalysts supported on SAPO,which possessed high surface areas,high activity,high stability and tolerant ability for poisoning species,became the research hotspots in the field of isomerization catalysts.The research trend and application prospect of SAPO-n catalysts were outlined.

NiO/TiO₂ catalyst was prepared by using anatase nanometer TiO₂ as the supporter and being impregnated with transition metal oxides,and its denitrogenation properties was investigated using CO as the reducer.Nanometer TiO₂ powder was dipped in mixed impregnation solution of Ni(NO₃)₂ and Fe(NO₃)₃.The impregnation solution with TiO2 powder was stirred for 30 min at room temperature,and evaporated to dryness in rotatory evaporator at 70 ℃ and 0.08 MPa.A series of 10%NiO/TiO₂ catalysts were obtained at different calcination temperature and calcination time in the air.The results of XRD and TPR characterization showed that anatase TiO₂ could be transformed into rutile at high temperature;solid solution was formed owing to the reaction of NiO and TiO₂.Calcination time had little effect on the catalyst structure.All of the catalyst samples exhibited high activity for the NO+CO reaction.

Hydrothermally ultrastablized Y(USY) zeolites were modified with organic acid. The influence of organic acid dosage,reaction temperature and reaction time on crystal structure of the zeolites was investigated. The experimental results indicated that the organic acid could play a major role in removal of nonframework aluminum of USY zeolite and the crystallinity of USY zeolite were obviously enhanced after modification.

Mo/V/W mixed oxide catalysts are used for the partial oxidation of acrolein to acrylic acid,and Cu and Sb are good cocatalysts.Drying methods have remarkable effects on catalytic properties of Mo/V/W mixed oxide catalysts.The evaluation experimental results showed that the spraydried sample exhibited better catalytic activity and selectivity than the crystal drying one,and adapted to a wider temperature range.The results of XRD,SEM and EDX characterization indicated that the catalyst prepared by spray drying method possessed amorphous structure and the distribution of elements on the catalyst surface was more uniform.

Functional nano-silica sol was prepared using tetraethyl orthosilicate(TEOS) and formic acid as raw materials and silane coupling agent KH-570 as the modifier.The reaction extent was studied by UV-Visible spectrophotometer(UV).The influence of formic acid concentration,reaction temperature,and the dosage of water,alcohol co-solvent and silane coupling agent KH-570 was investigated.The products were characterized by IR.The results showed that sol-gel reaction rate was enhanced with the increase of formic acid concentration and reaction temperature,and the addition of the water,and the gelation time was shortened;alcohol co-solvent and silane coupling agent KH-570 exhibited stabilization for sol-gel reaction system and prolonged the gelation time.IR results indicated that some composite materials could be prepared by introducing carbonyl to the product.

Based on laboratory experiments,the influence of drying methods,liquid/solid ratio,aging time and binders on activated carbon honeycomb crack occurring in drying stage was investigated.The results showed that the yield of activated carbon honeycomb was the highest using microwave drying method and the drying time was 16 min.The binder was the main influencing factor,and sepiolite with laminated and chain structure and cellulose with thermal gelation quality were the optimum binders.Liquid/solid ratio depended on the saturated water absorption of activated carbon and the optimal liquid/solid mass ratio was 0.91.Pug aging was beneficial to enhancement of the yield of activated carbon honeycomb and the optimal batch aging time was 20 h.

The novel copper-manganese composite oxide catalysts were prepared by the solid reaction method.The catalytic performance of the catalysts was evaluated using phenol oxidation by hydrogen peroxide as the probe reaction,phenol conversion and diphenol yield as the evaluation index,and HPLC chromatography as the analysis method.The results showed that the catalytic properties of the catalyst were enhanced and then reduced with the increase of molar ratio of copper to manganese,calcination temperature,calcination time and grinding time,and influenced by reducing properties of the complexing agent. The optimum condition for the catalyst preparation was that Cu2(OH)2CO3,MnCO3(molar ratio of copper to manganese 1∶2) and proper H2C2O4·2H2O were put into a mortar and grinded at room temperature for 10 min,and then calcined at 400 ℃ for 2 h.Under the optimum condition,phenol conversion and diphenol yield reached 63.7% and 59.1%,respectively.

Niobium acid was synthesized by potassium hydroxide melting method using different inorganic acid treatment and its properties were characterized by FT-IR,TG and UV-VIS spectra. The results showed that niobium acid synthesized by acetic acid treatment was of high purity,and synthesized by sulfuric acid and nitric acid treatment contained small amount of impurities.Niobium acid was not obtained by using phosphoric acid treatment.

The hydrofining catalyst W/SiO₂Al₂O₃ for hydrogenation of highviscosity lubricant base oil was prepared using SiO₂Al₂O₃ as the carrier and W as the active component.The influence of temperature,hydrogen pressure,hydrogen/oil volume ratio and space velocity and the hydrofining effect of lubricant base oil over W/SiO2Al₂O₃ catalyst were investigated.The results showed that the yield of liquid oil was 92.7% under the optimal process condition as follows: temperature 260 ℃,hydrogen pressure 9.0 MPa,hydrogen/oil volume ratio 700∶1,space velocity 1.25 h^-1. The content of nitrogen and sulfur in refined fuel oil decreased from 63.4 μg·g^-1 and 110.2 μg·g^-1 to 0.9 μg·g^-1 and 0.32 μg·g^-1,respectively.Compared with the raw oil,kinematic viscosity,flash point and pour point had little change.W/SiO₂Al₂O₃ catalyst exhibited good hydrofining effect.

PdZn/Al₂O₃/FeCrAl catalysts with different Pd loadings and Pd/Zn molar ratio for methanol steam reforming to hydrogen production were prepared by impregnation method and characterized by XRD.The experimental results showed that the catalyst with Pd loading of 9.25% and Pd/Zn molar ratio of 0.24 exhibited better catalytic properties for methanol steam reforming due to the formation of larger-size Pd-Zn alloy particles. 9.25%PdZn(0.24)/Al₂O₃/FeCrAl catalyst used in stainless steel micro-react or possessed high activity and selectivity,and better stability under the condition of reaction temperature 623 K,space velocity 1 600 mL·(h·g)^-1 and H₂O/methanol molar ratio 1.2.

Enzyme N435 could effectively catalyze the synthesis of poly(butylene succinate) under the mild conditions.Poly (butylene succinate) was synthesized with multi-enzymatic method of solvent distillation in the low-boiling point solvents,such as n-hexane,tetrahydrofuran,toluene and acetonitrile.The weight average molecular weight(Mw) and polydispersity index(M〗w/Mn) of poly(butylene succinate) obtained in different solvents were 1 460/1.69,1 636/1.48,3 066/1.78 and 4 231/1.67,respectively.Toluene and acetonitrile were better low boiling point solvents for high Mw and low Mw/Mn value of poly (butylene succinate) using N435 as the catalyst.

The synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural was studied using sucrose as raw material and ionic liquids as the catalysts.The ionic -liquids including N-methyl-2-pyrrolidonium methyl sulfonate and -N-methyl-2-pyrrolidonium hydrogen -sulfate was synthesized and characterized,and the catalytic dehydration of sucrose by these ionic liquids was investigated.The results indicated that N-methyl-2-pyrrolidonium methyl sulfonate exhibited better catalytic properties and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural yield of -48.2% was -obtained under the condition as -follows:reaction time 60 min,reaction temperature 85 ℃,N2 atmosphere, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidonium methyl sulfonate dosage 10.0%(mole fraction) of sucrose and N,N-dimethylformamide-lithium bromide(DMF-LiBr) as the solvent.

Naβ zeolite was modified by hydrogen exchange under microwave radiation and the conditions of microwave radiation were optimized.The results showed that microwave irradiation method was more effective,faster and more economical than conventional heating method.The product was separated by solvent method and it was found that N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) was suitable by screening of the different solvents.The purity and recovery rate of anthraquinone obtained by separation were 97.98% and 93.90%,respectively.

γ-Al₂O₃ is an important carrier for the heterogeneous catalysts because of its high surface area and large pore diameter.The recent progress in the synthesis of γ-Al₂O₃materials with high surface area and large pore diameter was reviewed.The influence of precipitation methods and assisting technology,including the use of surfactant,pore expanding agent, supercritical drying,on the texture of γ-Al₂O₃ materials was discussed.

The composition and properties of pillared clay were described briefly. The influencing factors of the synthesis of pillared clays and their application in catalytic field were reviewed.The existing problems in researches on pillared clay were put forward, and the development prospect of these materials was outlined.

Co/SiO₂ catalysts with 15%Co(mass fraction) were prepared by impregnation method and characterized by BET,SEM,XRD and H2-TPR.The effects of dry temperature on the performance of the catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis were investigated.The results showed that the catalyst activity first increased and then decreased with the increase of dry temperature,and had no evidently influence on the selectivity to the product;the change of dry temperature could influence on Co distribution in the catalysts,and then the structure,crystal size and reducibility of the catalysts had correspondingly change.Co/SiO₂ catalyst dried at 90 ℃ exhibited the highest activity.

Borosilicate molecular sieves with MFI structure were synthesized by hydrothermal method.HB-ZSM-5 molecular sieves modified with orthophosphoric acid were prepared by impregnation method and were used in aromatization of LPG.The as-prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction,FT-IR,nitrogen adsorption,¹¹B and ³¹P MAS NMR technique.The effects of the phosphorus-modification on surface acidity of HB-ZSM-5 were investigated.The results showed that the aromatization activity of phosphorus modified HB-ZSM-5 molecular sieves was improved;alkenes conversion of 90.5% and aromatics yield of 23.5% were attained over 3.3PHB-ZSM-5 molecular sieves by heat treatment at 550 ℃ and aromatization for 4 h;with the increase of P content in HB-ZSM-5 molecular sieves,the amount of Brnsted acid sites was enhanced and the amount of Lewis acid sites was decreased,and alkenes conversion and aromatics yield were increased;3.3PHB-ZSM-5 molecular sieves had maximum alkenes conversion and aromatics yield,which indicated that the best coordination between Brnsted and Lewis sites was attainted.

Different carrier supported vanadium oxide catalysts were prepared by incipientDifferent carrier supported vanadium oxide catalysts were prepared by incipient-wetness impregnation method with citric acid as solubilizer and complex.The structure of the catalysts after calcination under SO₂ atmosphere was characterized by IR spectroscopy techiques,and their catalytic performance for diesel soot combustion was investigated by temperature-programmed oxidation reaction (TPO).The results showed that some sulfite species were the main existing forms on the surface of the catalysts calcined under SO₂ atmosphere.The catalytic activities of the catalysts decreased and soot combustion temperature increased.V₄/TiO₂ and V₄/ZrO₂ catalysts exhibited the best ability of the resistance to SO₂ poison among different carrier supported vanadium oxide catalysts,and the ability of the resistance to SO2 poison of V₄/Al₂O₃ and V₄/SiO₂ catalysts became poor, and that of V₄/CeO₂ catalyst was the worst.

The yield of coke,coke formation status,and products of hydrocracking reaction over oil-soluble catalyst systems were analyzed and the coke restraining ability of oil-soluble catalyst for residue hydrocracking was investigated by using Liaohe atmospheric residue as the study object and simulating residue hydrocracking reaction in the autoclave.The results showed that the yield of coke over single metal Co and Ni oil-soluble catalysts decreased with the increase of active metal contents.Co-Fe and Ni-Fe compounded catalysts exhibited high coke restraining ability due to their synergistic effect.The tendency for the coke formation status was consistent with the amount of coking.Asphaltenes and saturated fraction in >480 ℃ fractions of hydrocracking products generally showed an increasing tendency,while aromatics and resins gradually reduced with the activity enhancement of restraining coke of the catalyst.In addition,the state of the active metal of the catalyst in the reaction products was sulfide species.The diffraction peaks of FeS crystal and Co8 FeS8 mixed crystal in Co-Fe catalytic system and FeS and FeS2 in Ni-Fe catalyst system were detected,respectively.

The hydro-upgrading experiments for mixed distillate oil of straight-run diesel, FCC diesel and mixed coker distillates were investigated in 200 mL series fixed-bed hydrogenation units.The key point of the experiments was whether the poor-quality mixed distillate oil with high acid value and high nitrogen-content after the hydro-upgrading could meet GB 19147-2009 motor diesel requirements.The results showed that due to high nitrogen and low cetane number of mixed distillate oil,the diesel products after hydrogenation using traditional hydrotreating and hygro-upgrading technology in industry could not meet the demand of cetane number.After the improvement scheme of catalyst loading was adopted in which the hydro-upgrading catalyst and hydro-cracking catalyst were loaded in subsection bed in the hydro-upgrading reactor,and under the reaction condition of reaction pressure 12 MPa,hydrotreating reactor/hydro-upgrading reactor temperature 340 ℃/360 ℃,H2/oil volume ratio 600 and feed rate 200 mL·h-1,the cetane number of product reached 46.6, the contents of sulfur and nitrogen was 40.6 μg·g-1 and 7.6 μg·g-1 respectively and solidifying point was -22.8 ℃.The product could meet the demand of GB 19147-2009 motor diesel of -20#.In this paper,a new route was explored which aimed at producing clean diesel from mixed distillate oil with low quality acid and high nitrogen.It is feasible to produce clean diesel of GB 19147-2009 under the selective mix ratio of different feeds,catalyst loading scheme and operation conditions,which has important significance to improve economic benefit of the refinery processing naphthenic-based crude oils.

β-naphthyl aceate was synthesized with acetic anhydride and β-naphthol using urea as the catalyst.β-Naphthyl acetate yield of 95.7% was attained under the optimum condition as follows:(acetic anhydride)∶-(β-naphthol)=1.2∶-1,catalyst urea dosage 10mol% of β-naphthol,reaction time 40 min and reaction temperature 80 ℃. The catalyst could be recovered and repeatedly used for more than 4 times.

A series of activated carbon supported palladium and platinum catalysts with different metal particle sizes were prepared for liquid phase catalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene to p-aminophenol.The activated carbon carrier and the as-prepared catalysts were characterized by N₂-adsorption,associated base titration and TEM methods.The results showed that the selectivity to p-aminophenol and the metal particle size of palladium and platinum active component had close inherent relation,indicating that the synthesis of p-aminophenol from the liquid phase catalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene over the active carbon supported palladium and platinum catalysts was a structure sensitive reaction.Meanwhile,the adsorption capacity of hydroxy aniline intermediate on active components with the small particle size were weaker,and the adsorption capacity of hydroxy aniline intermediate on platinum active component was weaker than that on palladium active component,which were conducive to the improvement of selectivity to p-aminophenol.

H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/TiO₂ complex catalyst was prepared by sol-gol method and characterized by FT-IR.Catalytic activities of H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/TiO₂ catalyst in syntheses of cyclopentanone ethylene ketal,cyclopentanone1,2-propanediol ketal,cyclohexanone ethylene ketal,cyclohexanone 1，2-propanediol ketal,butanone ethylene ketal,butanal-1,2-propanediol ketal were investigated.The yield of as-synthesized ketals was in the range of 77.3%-88.0% under the optimal reaction condition as follows:0.1 mol ketone,mole ratio of ketone to dihydroxy alcohol 1.0∶1.3,catalyst dosage 0.25 g,cyclohexane amount 12 mL,and reaction time 3.0 h.

The impregnated activated carbon adsorbents before and after breakthrough were investigated by GC and GC-MS techniques.The results showed that there existed the physisorption between the impregnated activated carbon adsorbent and iodomethane, and the physisorption amount conformed with D-R equation.

Nd-P-O catalysts were prepared by precipitation method using phosphate, pyrophosphate and tripolyphosphate as the phosphorus source,and their catalytic performance was compared using vapor-phase dehydration of glycerol to acrolein as the model reaction.The effects of reaction temperature,flow rate of carrier gas,space velocity,and concentration of glycerol aqueous solution on the catalytic performance of the catalyst were investigated.Glycerol conversion of 96.4% and the selectivity to acrolein of 82.7% were attained under the optimal condition as follows:reaction temperature 320 ℃,flow rate of carrier gas 30 mL·min^-1,glycerol space velocity 227 h^-1,and concentration of glycerol aqueous solution 36.5%.

The reaction kinetics of the catalytic hydrogenation of p-phenylenediamine(PDA) on Raney Ni catalyst was studied in a high-pressure batch reactor.Under the condition of no inside and outside diffusion and water as the solvent,the concentration of PDA over Raney Ni catalyst was measured and the relation curves of the concentration logarithm of PDA and time were attained.The kinetic parameters of catalytic hydrogenation of PDA to 1,4-diaminocyclohexane(DACH) such as reaction order,rate constant,activation energy and exponential factor were obtained,and according to the experimental data,the influence of reaction temperature and hydrogen pressure were reflected respectively. The kinetics equation of the catalytic reaction was established as follows:-dcp-phenylenediamine/dt=kcp-phenylenediaminep_0.12H₂. The apparent hydrogenation activation energy of 41.294 kJ·mol^-1,the exponential factor of 1.028 9×106 and reaction rate constant of 1.028 9×106exp-41 294/RT were obtained under reaction temperature of (333-363) K.

α,α′-Bis(benzylidene)cyclohexanones was synthesized using benzaldehyde and cyclohexanone as the raw materials and γ-Al₂O₂-O^2-2Na⁺ as the catalyst.The influence of molar ratio of reactants,reaction temperature,reaction time and catalyst dosage was investigated.The results showed that the yield of 91.3% was attained under the optimal condition as follows:n(benzaldehyde)∶n(cyclohexanone)=2.3∶1,reaction temperature 50 ℃，reaction time 1.5 h, catalyst dosage 5% of the total mass of raw materials.The solid superbase catalyst exhibited high catalytic activities, and the production process was simple and had little waste discharge.

Ferulic acid was synthesized by using vanillic aldehyde and malonic acid as raw materials,and ammonium acetate as the catalyst. The influence of reaction time,molar ratio of reactants,catalyst dosage and volume ratio of cyclohexane to N，N-dimethylformamide(DMF) on ferulic acid yield was investigated.The experimental results indicated that ferulic acid yield of 70.87% was attained under the optimum reaction condition as follows:DMF as the solvent,cyclohexane as the water carrying agent,volume ratio of cyclohexane to DMF=2∶1,catalyst dosage 6% of mass of vanillic aldehyde,molar ratio of vanillic aldehyde to malonic acid 1∶1.3, and reaction time 4 h.

Benzaldehyde 1,2-propanediol acetal was synthesized using sulfonated silica gel as the catalyst and benzaldehyde and 1,2-propanediol as the raw materials.The effects of catalyst dosage,molar ratio of the reactants and reaction time were investigated.Benzaldehyde 1,2-propanediol acetal yield of over 94.0% was attained under the optimal reaction condition as follows:benzaldehyde 0.05 mol,n(benzaldehyde)∶n(1,2-propylene glycol)=1.0∶1.5,catalyst dosage 0.2 g(4.6% of the mass of benzaldehyde),water-carrying agent cyclohexane 8.0 mL,reaction time 80 min.

The rapid progress of molecular sieve materials accelerates the wide application of shapeselective catalysis,especially the development of ZSM5 promotes the commercial production of the desired products with high selectivity by using the shapeselective catalyst.However,ZSM-5 mainly focused on small molecular reactions and exhibited insufficient structural properties to macromolecule reactions.The design and development of new molecular sieve catalysts that aim at macromolecule shapeselectivity and the relative researches on the commercial application of shapeselective catalyst have been paid more attention.The advance on a novel shapeselective molecular sieve MCM68,including its topological structure,synthetic methods,acidic properties,shapeselectivity and so on,were reviewed in this paper.Some applications of MCM68 used as the acid catalysts and shapeselective catalysts were also introduced.For the characteristics of special pore structures and strong acid,MCM68 might be widely used in the fields of heavy oil upgrading and the synthesis of fine chemicals with acid catalysis.

Different types of and progress in hydrotreating catalysts for FCC gasoline were reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of various catalysts were analysed in terms of active metal components and supports.The current commercial hydrotreating technologies and the corresponding catalysts for FCC gasoline were also summarized.The future development tendency of hydrotreating catalysts for FCC gasoline was put forward.

Anatase TiO₂ photocatalysts with high-energy crystal face have become the research focus due to its potential high activity in photocatalysis.In this paper,the morphology of anatase TiO₂ with high-activity crystal face predicted by the theory and their formation mechanisms were introduced.Latest research progress in the preparation methods of anatase TiO₂ photocatalysts with high-activity crystal face were reviewed.The research direction in the future was outlined.

The stringent specifications of environmental protection impel the demands for and productions of high quality ultra clean fuels,thus the hydrocracking technology has gradually become the main technique of transforming the heavy feedstocks into light oil products.In this paper, the research advance on hydrocracking technology and its relative catalysts was reviewed,and the typical technical characteristics and the representative processes of different corporations at home and abroad were also discussed.The development trend of hydrocracking technology in the future was outlined.

Noble metal sulfides are used in some special catalytic hydrogenation such as sulfur compounds hydrogenation,hydrodesulfurization(HDS) and ydrodenitrogenation(HDN), halogenated nitro-compounds hydrogenation, and so on, due to their high selectivity and stability.In this paper,the preparation methods of noble metal sulfide catalysts,including solid method, liquid method, gas method and liquid-gas method,and their applications in hydrogenation catalysis were reviewed.The exchange mechanisms between different noble metal sulfide phases were discussed.

As a novel porous material,pillared bentonites was used for the adsorbent and the catalyst with excellent properties in petrochemical and environmental protection fields due to its large surface area, adjustable pore diameter and strong acidity.In this paper,the classification,preparation methods and application of pillared bentonites were reviewed.The existing problems in research of pillared bentonites and the development direction of composite materials in the future were outlined.

A series of supported transition metal oxide catalysts with ultra-low loading of different active components were prepared by incipient-wet impregnation method.Their catalytic performance for the selective oxidation of propane was investigated.The results showed that M/SiO^₂ catalysts with ultra-low loading of different active components,which had the stable ion configuration with half-full electron structure,exhibited higher selectivity for the oxidation of propane to aldehydes.The activity and selectivity of the catalysts were greatly enhanced by the addition of potassium.

A series of SBA-15-supported transitional metal iron oxides catalysts with different loading amounts of active components were prepared by the method of incipient-wet impregnation, and their catalytic activity and selectivity for the selective oxidation of propane were investigated. The structures of the catalysts were characterized by means of UV Raman spectra. The results demonstrated that for K-Fe/SBA-15 catalysts, when iron loading amount is low, the isolated four coordination iron oxides are the main active sites for the production of aldehydes in selective oxidation of propane. However, when the iron loading amount is high, the polymeric and amorphous states of iron oxides are accounted for propane oxidation dehydrogenation or deep oxidation.